Materials

Equipment

• Balance
• Horizontal shaker
• 151H or 152H hydrometer
• 1 L volumetric cylinders for sedimentation
• 500 mL jars with a screw cap
• Squirt bottle
• Thermometer
• Parafilm

Chemicals

• Sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP)
• Deionized water

Specimen

• Soil samples, dried and sieved to 2 mm

Method

Dispersing solution

Dissolve 40 g of SHMP in 1 L of deionized water. Use an ultrasonic bath to ensure complete dissolution. The solution is stable for approximately one month.

Calibration

Hydrometers are graduated to be read at the bottom of the meniscus. However, readings must be taken at the top of the meniscus in opaque soil suspensions.

Lower the hydrometer into a 1 L cylinder filled with 125 mL of SHMP solution and 875 mL of deionized water. When stabilized (after 20 s), record both the reading at the bottom (zero or composite correction factor) and at the top of the meniscus (meniscus correction factor).

Sample pretreatment

If the soil sample contains primarily clay or silt, weigh out 50 g of soil (accuracy ±0.01 g) in a 500 mL screw bottle (in 3-fold replication). If the sample is sandy, take 100 g each. Add 125 mL SHMP to the soil. Agitate the mixture for 16 h in a horizontal shaker.

Completely transfer the soil solution into the sedimentation cylinder using the squirt bottle. Fill up to the 1 L mark with deionized water. Cap the cylinder with parafilm. Agitate the solution by turning the cylinder upside down and back 30 times during 1 min.

Measurement

Place the sedimentation cylinder at a bench where it can stand undisturbed for the next 4 to 6 h.

Insert the hydrometer into the soil solution as soon as possible and take the first reading the latest after 40 s at top of the meniscus. Measure the temperature of the slurry. Repeat this measurement at 2, 5, 15, 30, 60, 120, 240, and 360 min. In any case, record the exact reading time. The measurements may be reduced to an initial reading after 40 s and a second one after 240 or 360 min (Ashworth et al., 2001). Rinse the hydrometer after each measurement. If the ambient temperature changes, recalibrate the hydrometer.

Data recording

The following table may serve as a sample template to record the data

Sample data Time [min] Hydrometer reading Correction Temperature [°C]
S1 0.66 39 2 23
S1 2.00 33 2 23
S1 5.00 29 2 23
S1 15.00 23 2 23
S1 30.00 22 2 23
S1 60.00 20 2 23
S1
S2

Data evaluation

A complete description of how to calculate the particle size distribution from the recorded hydrometer readings is available in the respective ASTM guideline (ASTM D422-63, 2007). The algorithm has also been implemented into this package using the texture() function:

# Load envalysis
library(envalysis)

# Load and look at sample data
data(clayloam)
clayloam
# >     time temperature reading blank
# > 1   0.66          23      39     2
# > 2   2.00          23      33     2
# > 3   5.00          23      29     2
# > 4  15.00          23      23     2
# > 5  30.00          23      22     2
# > 6  60.00          23      20     2
# > 7 180.00          23      18     2
# Calculate the particle size distribution
tex <- texture(reading ~ blank + time + temperature, clayloam, plot = T)

tex
# > Soil particle estimation according to ASTM D422-63
# > Hydrometer model: 152H
# > Specific gravity (Gs) = 2.65   Soil extract: 50 g/L
# >
# > Particle size distribution:
# >  Particle size Percent passing
# >        0.05155           0.754
# >        0.03102           0.634
# >        0.02019           0.554
# >        0.01214           0.434
# >        0.00864           0.414
# >        0.00618           0.374
# >        0.00361           0.334
# >
# > Fitted with Log-logistic (log(ED50) as parameter) with upper limit at 1 (LL2.3u)
# >
# > Soil texture classes (DIN 4022):
# >              Clay   Silt   Sand
# > Estimate   0.3177 0.4755 0.2068
# > Std. Error 0.0131 0.0242 0.0112
# >
# > Soil texture classes (USDA):
# >              Clay   Silt    Sand
# > Estimate   0.3177 0.4287 0.25366
# > Std. Error 0.0131 0.0226 0.00954

Further soil classification and plotting may be done with the soiltexture package.

# Load soiltexture
library(soiltexture)

# Prepare data
germansoil <- data.frame(t(tex$din["Estimate",] * 100)) names(germansoil) <- toupper(names(germansoil)) ussoil <- data.frame(t(tex$usda["Estimate",] * 100))
names(ussoil) <- toupper(names(ussoil))

# Get texture class, for example, in accordance with the German
# "Bodenartendiagramm" (DE.BK94.TT)
TT.points.in.classes(germansoil, class.sys = "DE.BK94.TT")
# >      Ss Su2 Sl2 Sl3 St2 Su3 Su4 Slu Sl4 St3 Ls2 Ls3 Ls4 Lt2 Lts Ts4 Ts3 Uu Us
# > [1,]  0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   0   1   0   0   0  0  0
# >      Ut2 Ut3 Uls Ut4 Lu Lt3 Tu3 Tu4 Ts2 Tl Tu2 Tt
# > [1,]   0   0   0   0  0   0   0   0   0  0   0  0
# Get USDA texture class (USDA.TT)
TT.points.in.classes(ussoil, class.sys = "USDA.TT")
# >      Cl SiCl SaCl ClLo SiClLo SaClLo Lo SiLo SaLo Si LoSa Sa
# > [1,]  0    0    0    1      0      0  0    0    0  0    0  0

The analyzed soil is a clay loam (German: “Toniger Lehm”, Lt2).

References

Ashworth, J., Keyes, D., Kirk, R., & Lessard, R. (2001). Standard Procedure in the Hydrometer Method for Particle Size Analysis. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 32, 633-642. DOI: 10.1081/CSS-100103897.

ASTM D422-63 (2007). Standard Test Method for Particle-Size Analysis of Soils. Technical standard. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.

Bouyoucos, G.J., (1927). The hydrometer as a new method for the mechanical analysis of soils. Soil Science 23, 343–354.

Moeys, J., Shangguan, W., Petzold, R., Minasny, B., Rosca, B., Jelinski, N., Zelazny, W., Souza, R.M.S., Safanelli, J.L., & ten Caten, A. (2018). soiltexture: Functions for Soil Texture Plot, Classification and Transformation. URL: https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=soiltexture.